Year	Until	Event	Comment
-10000000		SAYEARS CHRONOLOGY OVER SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY	Administrator: H.E. Stolten
-150000		Early modern human beings (homo sapiens sapiens) live in South Africa.
- 10000		San-folk lever over hele det sydlige Afrika. Sikkert indvandret fra Centralafrika.
- 2000		Khoikhoi hyrdefolk/pastoralister vandrer ind i det nuværende Sydafrika. Måske allerede -4000.
0		Khoisanfolkenes forfædre lever i frugtbar symbiose som hyrder, jægere og samlere i store dele af det sydlige Afrika.
0300	1000	Bantutalende halvagerbrugere indvandrer gradvist over flere århundreder og breder sig syd for Limpopo ned mod Fish River.	Tidligste bantuindtrængen måske 500 f.kr.
1453		Konstantinobel falder. Vejen til "Indien" via mellemosten besværliggores yderligere.	Portugiserne har allerede fundet sovejen til guldkysten.
1487	1488	Portugisisk ekspedition under Bartholomeu Dias når Mossel Bay. Holl.: Mosselbaai. Man nåede frem til Algoa-bugten/Port Elizabeth.
1497	1498	Vasco da Gama runder Kap det Gode Håb på sin vej til Indien. Port.: Cabo de Boa Esperanca.
1500	1600	Table Bay fungerer periodisk som anlobssted for portugisiske, franske, engelske og danske skibe. Der lægges postvarder og sås gronsager.	Det portugisiske navn Aguada da Saldanha ændres i 1601 til Tafelbaai.
1503	1510	Forst Saldanha, siden Almeida bruger Taffel Bay som mellemstation undervejs til Ostafrika.
1619		Den danske admiral og gesandt Ove Giedde ankrer ved Cape undervejs til Indien.
1652		Det Hollandske Ost-Indiske Kompagni opretter permanent forsyningsstation ved Kap.
1652	1795	Boerne etablerer sig, Khoisan underkues, slaveimport starter.
1658		De forste slaver importeres til Kapkolonien fra Indonesien, Indien, Ceylon, Madagascar og Portugisisk Ostafrika/Mocambique.
1659		Forste småkrig med den oprindelige khoikhoi-befolkning. Hollænderne bliver belejret i et år i fortet i Kapstaden.
1660		Van Riebeecks folk planter et hegn af vilde mandeltræer for at adskille
1685		Forste forbud mod blandede ægteskaber.	Blev ikke overholdt.
1705		Kompagniet bremser for yderligere indvandring. Hollandske, tyske og franske nybyggere udgor hovedparten af de hvide.
1760		Forste paslove for slaver og "hottentoter" indfores af hollænderne.	Frie sorte skulle bære lygter om natten i Cape Town.
1779	1781	1. grænsekrig mod xhorsaerne, der tvinges tilbage over Fiskefloden og mister 5000 stk kvæg.
1789	1793	2. grænsekrig xhorsaerne tilbageerobrer Zuurveld og 60.000 stk kvæg.
1795		Storbritanien tager Cape fra Hollænderne.
1795		Alle "Kaffirs" bliver udelukket fra Kapkolonien ved en proklamation	ved den forste brittiske besættelse.
1799	1803	Khoikhoistamerne gor opror i det ostlige Cape. 3. grænsekrig mod khoi og xhorsaer, der delvist holder Zuurveld.
1803		Hollænderne (Den Bataviske Republik) får Cape tilbage ved fredstraktat.
1806		Storbritannien generobrer Cape i forbindelse med Napoleonskrigene. Ved freden i 1814 afstås Kap formelt til England.
1807	1809	Englænderne stopper slavehandlen og dermed importen af slaver til Kapkolonien.
1807		Det britiske forbud mod slaveri stopper importen af yderligere
1809		Caledon Code of 1809. Paslignende love indfores for "hottentotter" af den forste civile	"Hottentotloven", "Hottentetot Code". Praksis med arbejdskontrakter indfores.
1811	1812	Engelske og koloniale styrker udviser afrikanerne fra områderne vest for Fish River.
1812		Regler for kontraktbinding af Khoi-born på hvide landbrug.
1815		Forsog på boeropror mod den engelske kolonimagt i frontierområdet i utilfredshed med restriktioner.
1815	1828	Shaka bliver hovding for zuluerne og etablerer Zulu-kongedommet, hvilket forer til stammekrige og folkevandringer i store dele af Sydostafrika.
1818	1819	5. grænsekrig. 10.000 xhorsaer angriber Grahamstown men stoppes. Makana anbringes på Robben Island, hvor han drukner under flugtforsog.
1818	1879	Last waves of "native" wars of resistance against colonial expansion, Boer Republicanism, British Imperialism and colonisation in Southern Africa.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1820		Engelske nybyggere ankommer til Cape-kolonien i storre tal.
1828		Koloni-regeringen indforer paskontrol med afrikanske arbejdere jvnf.Ordinance 49. Ordinance 50 ophæver til gengæld bindinger af Khoi-folk til hvide farme.
1828		Ordinance 49 og 50. Paslignende regler for afrikanere i Cape.	og khoikhoiernes rettigheder. Farvede fik formelt juridisk ligestilling.
1834	1838	Slaverne i Cape-kolonien bliver emanciperet (frigivet) efter, at England har afskaffet slaveriet i kolonierne i 1833.
1834	1835	6. grænsekrig. Engelske kolonitropper besejrer Xhosaerne.
1834		Ophævelsen af slaveriet træder i kraft 1838
1835	1840	Fem tusinde boere udvandrer fra Cape med deres farvede tyende under, hvad senere blev kendt som voortrekkernes Great Trek, Det store træk, til det indre Sydafrika.
1838		En boer-commando besejrer zuluernes hær ved Blood River, efter at boerlederen Piet Retief er blevet lokket i en fælde og myrdet.
1839		Boerrepublikken Natalias forfatning udelukker sorte fra alle valg.	Transvall Grondwet fra 1858 går eksplicit ind for raceulighed.
1841		Masters and Servants Act (fornyet bl.a. 1856, afløst 1904).	Forst indfort efter apprenticeship-overgangsordningens udlob.Fejl
1843		Storbritanien annekterer Natal.
1846	1847	7. grænsekrig, oksekrigen. Engelske tropper og kolonitropper bekæmper Xhosaerne.
1850	1853	8. grænsekrig. Engelske tropper og kolonitropper bekæmper atter Xhosaerne.
1852		England anerkender Transvaals selvstændighed som boerrepublik.
1854		England anerkender Orange Fristaten som selvstændig boerrepublik.	Sand River Convention.
1854		Parlamentarisk system med kvalificeret valgret indfores i Cape. Perioden 1854-1872 karakteriseres som Representative Government.	Bloemfontain Convention.
1856	1857	Xhosaerne foranstalter kvægdrab (the Xhosa cattle-killing) på deres eget kvæg i håb om en mirakulos redning efter militære nederlag.
1857		Den holandske reformerte kirke indforte adskilte kirker. Dette blev fulgt af en komplet opsplitning af kirken i 1881, hvor alle sorte forvistes til Sendingkerk.
1858		Lesotho vinder krig mod Orange Fristaten.
1858		Transvaalrepublikkens forfatning foreskriver ulighed
1860	1911	Arbejdskraftsystem med kontraktbundne indiske plantagearbejdere i Natal.
1865	1867	Orange Fristaten vinder krig mod Lesotho.
1866	1867	Diamanter opdages ved Vaal-Hartz og minedrift starter i Griqualand West. Kimberley bliver for en periode Sydafrikas storste byområde.
1866		British Kaffraria annekteres af Capekolonien.
1868		Storbritanien annekterer Lesotho under navnet Basutoland.
1869		Suez-kanalen åbnes og nedbringer transportvejen til Osten udenom Sydafrika.
1870		Afrikanere forbydes at eje minelodder ved Kimberley af den selv-
1870		Beginnings of black political organisations: resistance to pass-laws, land occupation by colonialists, trekboere and hut taxes.
1871		England annekterer diamantfelterne i Griqualand West.
1872		Kapkolonien opnårformelt en hojere grad af selvstændighed i forhold til England. Perioden 1872 - 1910 bliver karakteriseret som Responsible Government.
1872		Forfatningsmæssigt overgås til Responsiple Goverment.
1875		Black Flag-revolten i Kimberley aktualiserer en mere moderne racestrid, da de hvide diamantgravere forlanger særrettigheder overfor de sorte.
1877		Storbritanien annekterer boerrepublikken Transvaal.
1878		Englænderne undertrykker Thlaping/Tswana-opror i Griqualand West.
1878		Natal Code of Native Law.	I modsætning til i Cape.
1879		Engelske og kolonitropper erobrer Zuluernes områder efter at have mistet et helt regiment ved Isandhlwana.	Samtidig undertrykkes pedierne.
1880	1881	Transvaal opnår påny selvstændighed efter boeroprorog britisk nederlag ved Majuba. Den forste boerkrig.
1880		Griqualand West tildeles Cape. Cape i krig mod sothoerne.
1882		Imbumba Yama Nyama formed as the first modern political organisation to represent explicitly African interest in their struggle for “national rights” partly as a reaction on the formation of Afrikaner Bond and the assumption of this organisation that Boers rather than blacks were the true “Afrikaners”.	Protester, organisationer,
1883		Forskelsbehandling ved visitation i diamantminerne
1884	1885	Englænderne annekterer det sydlige Bechuanaland.
1884		Indian congress NIC under Gandhi established.
1886		Guldfund og -minedrift starter i Witwatersrandområdet.
1887		England annekterer Zululand.
1887		Den sorte stemmeret i Cape indskrænkes via hojere kvalifikationskrav.
1892		På Rhodes initiativ indskrænkes den afrikanske valgret kraftigt i Cape.
1893		Natalkolonien opnår Responsible Government.
1893		Forste officielle jobreservationsordninger under Kruger-regeringen.
1894		Med Glen Grey Act etableres adskilt system for landejerskab og skat for afrikanere i Eastern Cape.
1894		Glen Grey Act introducerer adskilt landejerskab.	bandt de sorte til landet,
1895	1896	Engelsk angreb på Transvaal nedkæmpes (Jameson raid).
1896		Thlaping-opror ved Langeberg bliver slået ned af englænderne.
1896		Specielle pasregler indfores for migrantarbejdere ved minerne.
1897		Kvægpest 1895-97 forer til sociale problemer (Rinderpest).
1897		Zululand indlemmes i Natal.
1898		Commando fra Transvaal erobrer Vendaernes land og betvinger dermed den sidste frie afrikanske stamme på Sydafrikas område.
1899	1902	Anglo Boer War / South African War. Boer Republics fought British Imperialism. Britain conquers Transvaal and Orange Free State. Few examples of black participation.	Ref. Liebenbergs list." 1998?. From Boer against Brit to Land of Boer and Brit", taking root, through the phenomenon of a modern resource war.
1902	1905	Implementation of the Peace of Vereeniging. Reconstruction rule in Transvaal and Orange Free State during Milner. From 1903 custom union between the four colonies.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1902		Lokale regler for forvisning af sorte ifm pest og influenza. Også 1918.	Specielle områder for sorte omkring Cape Town.
1903	1905	Styreform med segregation anbefales af South African Native Affairs Commission.
1903		Coulereds organisation APO founded.
1904	1907	Chamber of Mines importerer 63.000 kinesiske arbejdere.
1904		Tansvaals regering indforer Labour Ordinance som fastlåser
1906	1907	Britain impose parliamentary system allowing a degree of self-government in the former Boer republics. Only whites are given franchise. Het Volk wins the election in Transvaal and Orangia Unie wins in Orange River Colony.
1906	1908	Bambata Rebellion. Zuluernes Bambata-opror nedkæmpes af englænderne.
1906		Paslove for indere.
1910		Cape, Natal, Transvaal og Orange Fristaten sammensluttes i USA. Formation of the Union of South Africa.
1910		Ved Unionens oprettelse (vedtaget af det britiske parlament 1909) bevares stemmeretten for sorte i Capeprovinsen.	I de andre provinser indfores sort stemmeret ikke.
1911		Mines and Works Act indforer colour bar i minerne, hvilket henviser de sorte til ufaglærte underbetalte arbejdsfunktioner.
1911		Native Labour Regulation Act / Mines and Works Act No. 12.	brud og arbejdsnedlæggelser.
1912		South African Native National Congress (SANNC) established in Bloemfontein. Renamed 1923 to African National Congress (ANC). Indian congress under Gandhi established already 1894.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1913		Natives Land Act begrænser afrikansk landejendom til reservaterne, der sættes til at udgore ca. 7% af jorden.
1913	1914	Boers rebel and strikes in Rand against "one stream policy" of Botha and Smuts. The dream of "white Republicanism" revitalised. Gandhi leads indians in general strike in Natal.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1913		Native Lands Act No. 27. Deputation by black South Africans visit Britain unsuccessfully to oppose unilaterally imposed "Land Acts". African land ownership restricted to reservations covering 7 persent of of the land.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1914	1919	South Africa enter First World War as part of the British Empire, which leads to a Boer uprising (Afrikaner Rebellion). Many South Africans of all races participated in Britain's War against Germany and come reluctantly back to "pass-laws", "liquor laws", and the effects of 1913 Land Acts; Afrikaner Broederbond (AB) established (1917); a political-cultural movement for white, male Afrikaans-speaking Protestants.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1914		National Party established in Bloemfontein.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1915		Sydafrika invaderer Tysk Sydvestafrika.
1917		Anglo American Corporation of South Africa dannet. Med udgangspunkt i minekapitalen dominerer firmaet Sydafrikansk okonomi.
1920		First big African strike on the goldmines. The trade union IWA active.
1920		Native Affairs Act No. 23.	Forsog med former for local govenment.
1920	1930	Industrial and Commercial Union (ICU) active. Afrikaner Broederbond became a secret organisation, 1921 - 1923 and further. Two attempts to resist government policies took place in 1922. The white mineworkers rebellion in the Witwatersrand (Benoni, Boksburg and elsewhere) and the Bondelswarts Rebellion in Southern Namibia (Suidwes). Both attempts (one against capitalist exploitation, the other against South Africa as an embrio-colonizing state representing part of the British Empire) were quelled effectively with military force.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1921		The Communist Party of South Africa CPSA founded from smaller units originated from socialist peace and worker groups from 1915.
1921		Regeringen massakrerer den sorte religiose bevægelse Isralites ved Bulhoek, hvor man er samlet for at afvente et befriende mirakel.
1922		Rand Revolt. White workers on strike takes control over Johannesburg to defend white standards, but are suppressed by government troops.
1922		Apprenticeship Act.	Indirekte diskrimination.
1923		Natives (Urban Areas) Act no. 21.	Tilfojelse 1945 (Section 10) og 1978.
1924		The election is won by a coalition of Labour Party and National Party. Pact governmet under Hertzog impose discriminating segregation policy.
1924		Industrial Conciliation Act udelukker migrantarbejdere fra faglig repræsentation.
1924		Industrial Conciliation Act (tilfojelser i 1937, 56 og 59).	de fleste sorte fra det normale arbejdsmarked.
1925		Sydafrika tilslutter sig den internationale guldstandard. Beskyttelsestold indfores.
1925		Det hollandske sprog indbefatter nu ifolge parlamentsbeslutning Afrikaans, som derved bliver officielt sprog ved siden af engelsk.	I 1927 vedtages nyt flag.
1925		Wage Act.	marked.
1925		Emergency Powers Bill.	Skulle forhindre kommunistisk faglig deltagelse.
1925		Native Taxation and Development Act No. 41.	No. 28 1926, No. 37 1931, No. 56 1949.
1926		Mines and Works Amendment Act No. 25.	under Pagtregeringens segregationpolitik.
1926		Colour Bar Act.	Udelukkede natives fra faglært og halvfaglært arbejde i minerne.
1927		Native Administration Act. (Black Administration Act).	Del og hersk - tribalisme. Forlober for bantustanpolitikken.
1927		Immorality Act No. 5.
1928		ISCOR, Iron and Steel Industrial Corporation), oprettes som det forste af en række halv eller hel-statslige "korporasies". (SASOL, FOSCOR, ARMSCOR, SATS, ESCOM).
1930	1933	World Wide Economic Slump ("Great Depression") hits South Africa hard.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1930		Hvide kvinder får valgret og ejendoms- og uddannelseskvalifikationer	Derved falder andelen af sorte vælgere i Kap fra 20 til 1,4%.
1930		Ammended Riotous Assemblies Act
1931		Sydafrika bliver uafhængig dominion, ligestillet med Storbritannien ifolge britisk lov efter Imperie-konferencen i 1926.
1931		Entertainments Act.	Fornyet 1963 og 1974.
1932		Sydafrika går fra den internationale guldstandard.
1932		Native Service Contract Act No. 24.
1934		South African Party and National Party merges. Coalition goverment / Fusion government .
1934		Opbygningen af en ny form for afrikaanernationalisme, Afrikanerdom, begynder at tage form gennem opbygningen af egne selvbærende okonomiske sammenslutnimnger.
1934		Slums Act gav byrådene ret til at flytte indbyggere i dårlige boliger.
1934		All-African Convention founded with support of CPSA, ANC, APO, the Indian Congress and others in a meeting with 400 delegates.
1936		Afrikanernes parlamentariske rettigheder indskrænkes. Visse valgrettigheder for farvede opretholdes.	(Afrikaneres ret til at vælge (hvide repræsentanter) i Cape ophæves.)
1936		Native Lands (and Trust?) Act.	Tilfojelse 1964.
1936		Development Land and Trust Act no. 18.
1936		Representation of Natives Act No. 12 (Hertzog-lovene). (1937)	parlamentariske rettigheder.
1937		Marketing Act tildeler hvide farmere statssubsidier.
1937		Native Laws Admendment Act skærper paslovene.
1938		Afrikaanernationalismen mobiliseres gennem Eeuwfees-arangementet, der markerede 100-året for Det store træk.	Die Stem van Suid-Afrika gores til nationalsang.
1939	1945	Sydafrika deltager på de allieredes side i 2. verdenskrig.
1941		Factories, Machinery and Building Workers Act.
1942		War Measure No. 145.
1945		Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act No. 25.
1946		Between 50.000 and 100.000 African mineworkers in strike are driven back to the mines by armed police forces. ANC withdraw from Natives Representatives Council.
1946	1947	Indian resistance campaign against Ghetto Act.
1946		Saur-rapporten foreslår foroget segregation.
1946		Gettoloven, der begrænsede inderes kob af fast ejendom til bestemte områder.
1948		National Party wins parliamentary control. 1950s: NP takes over and successive apartheid laws are implemented. ANC active; Defiance Campaign (1955); Freedom Charter; PAC brake away developing.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1949		ANC adobts radical action programme known as Youth Leagues Programme of Action.
1949		Stridigheder mellem afrikanere og indere i Durban.
1949		Betegnelsen "britisk undersåt" erstattes med "sydafrikansk statsborgerskab."
1949		Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act no. 55 (30/6).	tilfojelse 1968
1949		Immorality Admendment Act (12/5).	Konslig omgang mellem hvide og afrikanere forbudt med Immorality Act 1927.
1950		Population Registration Act indeler befolkningen efter race. Group Areas Act racedeler beboelsesområderne.
1950		Sikkerhedslovgivningen forbyder kommunistisk virksomhed. Kommunistpartiet (CPSA) oploser sig selv.
1950		Suppression of Communism Act no. 44.	Tilfojelser flere gange, forst 16/2-51.
1950		Population Registration Act no. 30 (9/6).	Tilfojelse 1962, 1964, 1967 og 1969
1950		Group Areas Act No. 41 (7/7) (og senere admendments). Ophævet 1991. / 1979?	Legaliserede bl.a. rydningen af Sophiatown.
1951		Bantu Authoritives Act No. 68.
1951		Separate Representation of Voters Act.	Afrikanernes landsdækkende "sandkasseparlament".
1951		Native Building Workers Act No. 27.
1951		Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act no. 52.
1952		ANC and the Indian Congress starts comprehensive defiance campaign using different forms of civil disobedience.
1952		Natives (Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents) Act	Indeholdt flere oplysninger om skatteforhold, arbejde og straffe.
1953		Regeringen formaliserer dårligere uddannelsesstandarder for afrikanere.
1953	1954	Protests against forced removal of Sophiatown township.
1953		Reservation of Separate Amenities Act no. 49.
1953		Bantu Education Act No. 47.	og ensretning. Afskaffede missionsskolesystemet.
1953		Public Safety Act no. 3.
1953		Native (Bantu) Labour Settlement of Disputes Act no. 48.	fra betegnelsen "employee." Videreforte strejkeforbudet for sorte. Skærpet i 1955.
1953		Criminal Laws Amentmend Act.	I 1983-84 blev over 40.000 korporligt straffet.
1955		Congress of the People adopts the Freedom Charter.
1955		Native (Urban Areas) Amendment Act skærper indflytningskontrollen
1955		The Universities Act, 1955 (Act No. 61 of 1955)
1956	1961	156 members of ANC and the Congress Alliance are charged with high treason and put on trial. Cape voting rights for coulereds are abolished. 1960s: Banning and oppression of liberation movements. First rumblings of "the armed struggle" ("Armed propaganda"). PAC established 1959 and banned together with the ANC, SACP and SACTU.	(Farvedes ret til at vælge hvide repræsentanter i Cape ophæves.) Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1956		Mass-demonstrations by black women as protest against pass laws.	(Farvedes tilbageværende valgret i Cape indskrænkes til særskilt liste og hvid repræsentation.)
1956	1957	Upraising in rural areas in Transvaal og Orange Free State.
1956
1956		Riotous Assemblies Act no. 17.	Fornyet 1974
1956		Bantu Prohibition of Interdicts Act no. 14.	fra squattercamps.
1957		Disturbances in connection with the Alexandra bus-boycott.
1957		Immorality Amendment Act no. 23.	Lignende forordninger 1685, 1927, 1950. Afskaffet 1985.
1957		Native Laws Admendment Act no. 36.
1957		Group Areas Act No. 77.
1957		Coloured Labour Preference Policy (CLPP).	I 1957 ble området som tilsvarer dagens Western Cape definert som Coloured labour preference area, hvor forfordelingspolitikken av farga ble formalisert og utdypet.
1958	1966	Verwoerd premierminister.
1958	1959	Pan-African Congress (PAC) formed after breakaway from ANC.	Pan-Africanist Congress.
1959		Uroligheder i Durban kendt som Cato Manor beerhall protests.
1959		Proclamation 46.	Chinese m.fl. aflost i 1967.
1959		Extention of University Education Act.
1959		Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act no. 46. (1960)	grunden til "separate development."
1959		Bantu Investment Corporation Act No. 34.
1960		Afrikanere og farvede fratages resterende parlamentariske repræsentation, idet deres hvide parlamentsmedlemmer afskaffes.
1960		Police kills at least 67 African demonstrators at Sharpeville. ANC and PAC are banned.
1960		Revolt in rural Pondoland.
1960		Unlawful Organisations Act no. 34.
1960		MacMillan holder sin Wind of Change-tale i Cape Town under indtryk af afkoloniseringsprocessen i resten af Afrika.
1961		Sydafrika forlader Commonwealth delvist under tvang og bliver republik, South African Republic.
1961		Big political strike. The trade union movement SACTU’s last legal action are suppressed. Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the Congress Alliance are formed. First sabotage actions.
1961		Poqo-revolt in rural areas.
1962		Politiet fanger og fængsler Nelson Mandela. Han loslades forst igen i 1990.
1962		General Laws Amendment Act. (1963)	Umkhonto, Poqo og the African Resistance Movement.
1962		Sabotage Act.
1963		Umkhontos ledelse fanges, PACs netværk optrevles, alle frihedsbevægelser er under joden, ledelserne i eksil.
1963		Transkei får "selvstyre" som det forste "hjemland".
1963		Publications and Entertainments Act.
1964		Nelson Mandela og andre ANC-ledere idommes livsvarigt fængsel.
1964		Bantu Laws Amendment Act.
1964		Black Labour Act. FRELIMO launches armed struggle in Mozambique. (September).
1965		Proclamation R26. lan Smith's Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Rhodesia. (November).
1966	1968	Lesotho, Botswana og Swaziland bliver uafhængige stater. ZANU begins military operations in Zimbabwe. (April 66). SWAPO launches armed struggle for the liberation of Namibia. (August 66).
1967		Terrorism Act no. 83.
1967		Proclamation R123 26/5.	Population Registration Amendment Act.
1968		BOSS, den nye statssikkerhedstjeneste oprettes.
1968		Prohibition of Political Interference Act No. 51.	ophævet i 1985.
1969		ANC holds the Morogoro-konference.
1969		Student organisation SASO formed under Steve Biko’s leadership and the Black Consciousness Movement BC develops.
1969		Bureau of State Security Act.
1970		Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act no. 26.	og forvise dem. Skærpet i 1974.
1970		National States Citizenships Act no. 26.
1971		Bantu Homelands Constitution Act.	independent homelands. Kun 4 ud af 10 oprettet.
1971		Bantu Administration Act no. 45.	områder. Fornyet 1982-83.
1971		National States Constitution Act no. 21.
1972	1973	Widespread strikes amongst workers in Natal. Black Consciousness debates slowly introduced. National Security Management System being developed by the racist regime in Pretoria.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1972		KwaZulu omdannes til "hjemland"
1972		Native Laws Admendment Act no. 54.
1973		Bantu Labour Relations Regulations Act.	95% af alle strejker indtil midt i 80'erne kendt ulovlige.
1973		Gatherings and Demonstration Act no. 52.	og omtale af sådanne.
1974	1976	Portugals kolonirige bryder sammen efter lang kolonikrig. Mozambique og angola bliver uafhængige stater.
1974		Affected Organizations Act, no. 31.	Også the Fund Raising Act, no. 107, 1978.
1974		Publications Act no. 42.
1974		Publications Act.
1975		Inkatha oprettes. Independence of the People's Republic of Mozambique. (June). Independence of the People's Republic of Angola. (November).
1976	1977	Soweto Rebellion July 1976. At least 575 people are killed by the police in African townships. South African military (SADF) entered Angola to prevent a "Marxist take-over" after the fall of colonial Portuguese control.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1976	1981	Sydafrika giver "uafhængighed" til 4 hjemlande Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda og Ciskei. De bliver ikke anerkendt af andre end Sydafrika.
1976		Forste fjernsynsudsendelser i januar. Reklamefjernsyn fra 1978.
1976		Internal Security Admendment Act, no. 79.	erstattede Supression of Communism Act. Fornyelse 1982.
1976	1980	Patriotic Front between ZAPU and ZANU. (October 76). South Africa involved in pre-emptive strikes in "communist" states. These mainly aimed against SWAPO/ANC supporting Frontline Countries. Resistance building up against apartheid; Rising influence of securocrats in South Africa; further the militarisation of state, white society and the economy in South Africa.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1977		FNs sikkerhedsråd indforer våbenembargo mod Sydafrika.
1977		Bantu Biko died in detention after torture. Banning of newspapers like The World and organisations like the Christian Institute. Broederbond advisors to B J Vorster suggest Three Parliaments ("White", "Coloured" and "Indian" with the explicit exclusion of black people).	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1977		Introduktion af Community Councils.
1978	1984	Botha prime minister. Vorster resigns after corruption scandal. 1970s: Total Onslaught ideology / Total Strategy develops under P W Botha and Magnus Malan. Militarisation of the South African economy and white society triggered. Power shifts to State Security Council. National Security Management System rules through 500 local Joint Management Committees.
1978		Bantu Laws Amendment Act no.102.
1978		Fund-Raising Act no. 107.	f.eks. FOSATU.
1979		Arbejdsmarkedslovgivningen tillader organisations- og strejkeret til afrikanere. Organisationer oprettes i townshipområder.
1979	1980	Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) bliver selvstændigt. Independence of the Republic of Zimbabwe. (April).
1979		Carlton-konferencen afholdes mellem regeringen og erhvervslivet. Reikert- og Wiehanhkommissionerne anbefaler liberalisering.
1979		Industrial Conciliation Admendment Act no.94 (Wiehanh-reformerne)	Tilfojelse 1981.
1980	1990	Resistance grows. Strikes, civic movements and educational boycots. Relase Mandela Campaign. Tri-cameral parliament implemented after 'whites only' referendum. The "one million signatures campaign" against the Tri-cameral parliament. SADF involved in regional destabilisation as policy instrument. Broederbond advisors to Botha play a crucial role in devising the exclusive and racially segregated Tri-cameral Parliament.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1981	1988	Sydafrikanske styrker invaderer Angola og slår til i andre lande. Lesotho, Mozambique, Zimbabwe og Zambia.
1981		Boycott movement against Indian council elections.
1982		Political strike after the dead of Niel Aggett.
1982		Black Local Authorities Act no. 102.	Fra 1977 havde townships haft valgte community councils.
1983		De hvide vælgere vedtager ny trekammer-forfatning, der holder afrikanerne udenfor og styrker præsidentembedet. United Democratic Front (UDF) dannes i protest.
1983		United Democratic Front (UDF) and National Forum (NF) established partly due to ANC lead build-up campaign and as reaction against three-chamber parliament reform.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1983		University Admendment Act no. 83.
1983		Republic of South Africa Constitution Act no. 110.
1983		Basic Conditions of Employment Act no. 3.	Ikke engang regeringens egne organer overholdt den.
1984		The new constitution gives franchise to Indians and Coloureds but excludes Africans. Botha president. Stay-at-home actions and election boycott.
1984	1986	SADF drawn into the townships to quell disturbances (Sebokeng, September '84 the first township to be 'stabilised'). Mass detentions of activists, escalation of covert operations by the South African government. Manipulation of "third forces" and "dirty tricks". South Africans experience the local version of Guerra Sucia (A dirty war) against democrats. The Afrikaner Broederbond's leading spokes-people at the University of Stellenbosch and the Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit (RAU) critisize "Oorbeligte" (overtly) critical academics and students for questioning "Reform" (Shamreform). Desmond Tutu receives Nobel Peace Prize. Nkornati Accord between South Africa and Mozambique. (March 84).	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1985		ANC afholder Kabwe-konferencen (juni). Sort massemodstand. Delvis undtagelsestilstand. (juli). Uroligheder starter i Natal. Den faglige landsorganisation COSATU dannes.	Se Hougton p 25.
1985		Eminent Persons Group (EPG), a Commonwealth Delegation, failed to negotiate a way out of continuing civil strife. Attacks by SA on Lesotho, Mozambique (Maputo), Harare and Lusaka. Civil Strife continues, followed by mass-detentions. First meetings with the ANC by South African citizens against NP wishes. The international isolation of the Pretoria regime, a central pillar of ANC struggle continues, the disinvestment campaign picks up speed (Bishop Desmond Tutu and the South African Council of Churches (SACC) maintain that it is one of the only relative peaceful strategies to put pressure on the Pretoria-regime).	Ref. Liebenbergs list. Logisk overbygning på four-pillar strategien fra 1979.
1986		Paslovene ophæves og pas erstattes af identitetskort.
1986		National emergency declared. Thousands in prison, press censorship.
1986		Den amerikanske kongres vedtager anti-apartheid sanktioner trods Reagans veto. Internationalt gennembrud for sanktionskravet. Commonwealth vedtager sanktioner.
1986		Abolition of Influx Control Bill.
1986		Meetings between South African democrats and the ANC continued. The "Armed Struggle" now aimed at escalation. "Civilian targets" (so-called soft targets) become a debate.	Ref. Liebenbergs list. Open defiance or second track diplomacy?
1987		Large scale African mineworker strike. 250.000 at strike for 3 weeks.
1987		Consequences of the Rubicon-speech by P W Botha felt through increasing sanctions. Civil strife continues. The break-away "Independent Movement" in white politics led by Dennis Worral, Esther Lategan and others contest NP strategy of "Security First" in April elections. The leader of the white opposition party in parliament (PFP) resigned from parliament calling Tri-cameralism a "farce" and an attempt at "sham" reform. He objects to the role of the State Security Council (Staatsveiligheidsraad); Institute for Democracy in South Africa (Idasa) established. Gen. Magnus Malan refers to IDASA as part "of a total intellectual onslaught " on South Africa. P W Botha and Magnus publicly declare the ANC as "enemy No. 1" of the South African State. First major meeting between an Afrikaans-speaking group with the banned ANC in Dakar, Senegal against the wishes of the NP.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1988		International sanctions impact continues to be felt. South Africa seen as a pariah state by some. South Africa's involvement in the Frontline States problematised. Defeat of South African Army at Cuito Canavale, Angola. New York accords between Angola, Cuba and South Africa lead to independence process in Namibia. (December). UN-solution outlined. Withdrawal of South African occupiers from Namibia starts. "Talks about talks" begin. Some political prisoners inside South Africa released.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.Second and Third Track diplomacy continues (i.e. H W van der Merwe at the Centre for Intergroup Studies).
1988		Local elections with some black voting right boycotted effectively.
1988		The Tertiary Education Act, 1988 (Act No. 66 of 1988)
1989		F.W. de Klerk efterfolger Botha som leder af Nationalistpartiet og erstatter ham som præsident efter parlamentsvalg.
1989		Defiance campaign launched by MDM. Broad international recognition of the ANC.
1990		De Klerk promise abolishment of apartheid. Nelson Mandela released from prison. Lifting of national emergency. Unbanning of liberation movements amidst growing national and international pressures on the National Party government. Open dialogue between ANC and NP government starts.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1990	1994	Rolling mass action by the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM). "Negotiation about negotiation" begins. Transition-through-negotiation starts: Logjam and progress. World Trade Centre negotiations. Interim constitution and transitional arrangements implemented. President Mandela ("Madiba") inaugurated.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1991		Forste moder i CODESA i Kemton Park. Mange regner apartheid som ophort fra dette år.
1991		Annulering af Group Areas Act, Land Act, Population Registratuíon Act m.fl.
1992		Folkeafstemning blandt de hvide stotter codesa-processen. Forhandlingsafbrud efter massakrer. Stigende vold mellem Inkatha og ANC i Natal.
1993		Demokratiforhandlinger forer til aftale om frie valg og overgangsstyre. Enighed mellem regeringen og ANC i februar om magtdeling.
1993		Parlamentets vedtagelse af delvis magtdeling under overgangsstyre	Juni vedtagelse af valgdato. Dec. parlamentet godkender overgangsforfatningen.
1994		Forste frie valg for alle sydafrikanere. 26-28/4-94. Parlamentet vælger Mandela til Præsident. RDP-planen fremfores. De såkaldte selvsændige hjemlande genintegreres i Sydafrika.	Lokalvalg forst i 1995? og 96.
1994		Det ny parlament valgt ved de første frie, almindelige valg.
1994		National Education Policy Act (No. 27 of 1996).	In 1994, the new government inherited a complex and collapsed system of education. High levels of adult and matriculant illiteracy, dysfunctional schools and universities. The school curriculum was seen as reinforcing racial injustice and inequality; its transformation a necessity for the promotion of "unity and the common citizenship and destiny of all South Africans irrespective of race, class, gender or ethnic background". This philosophy was found in the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). It provided the vision of a core national curriculum which would integrate academic and vocational skills. Forged in the 1990-1994 period by business and Cosatu, and taken up by the ANC, it took legislative force through the National Education Policy Act (No. 27 of 1996).
1995		IFP trækker sig fra grundlovsforhandlinger i april.
1996		Act No 108 of 1996 and the Bill of Rights passed. Democratic Constitution passed in Parliament. South Africa now a constitutional state. Thruth Commission begin its work.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1996		Labour Relations Act (LRA)	Også BCEA, Basic Conditions of Employment Act.
1996		National Assembly vedtager endelig demokratisk forfatning i maj.
1996		South African Schools Act.	Strict monetarist policies took precedence over more expansionist and welfarist visions. The purposes of schooling at this time were framed in terms primarily of its economic functions and ability to meet larger economic needs. Effective schools were those which could balance their budgets and produce sound learning outcomes. Human capital theory featured prominently in official thinking. While the education budget was restructured to achieve greater racial equity, it was not expanded. The South African Schools Act (1996) effectively decentralised authority to struggling provincial administrations and highly unequally-endowed school governing bodies.
1997		De Klerk går af som leder af NP. Thabo Mbeki, der allerede er vice-præsident afloser Mandela som leder af ANC. ?NP ændres til New National Party?
1997		Higher Education Act.
1998		Sandhedskommissionen afslutter officielt sit arbejde.
1998	1999	ANC increases support in parliament elections (66% in votes, just some seats short of 66% in Parliament after 1999 elections). Madiba retires. Thabo Mbeki president.	Kun næsten 2/3 flertal, ingen forfatningsændringer. I 2003 absolut parlamentarisk flertal efter crossovers. Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1999		Progress with the implementation of the constitution. First Report on progress published by the Technical Committee of Parliament. The Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) jettisoned in favour of macro-economic adjustment programme (GEAR); African Renaissance discourse revitalised under leadership of Pres. Mbeki. The Parliamentary opposition refers to untenable crime situation in South Africa.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
1999		Handels- Samarbejds- og Udviklingsaftalen med EU undertegnes.
2000		Contending visions of democracy debated. Looming Government and organised labour split in South Africa. Privatisation to be sped up. The governor of the Reserve Bank, Mr Tito Mboweni, warns that confidence and perceptions in SA economy is important and urge politicians to avoid statements that are damaging to the economy. Government especially criticized by workers organizations and the left. The "Racism in the Media Report" appears amidst controversy. Newspapers (critical of government policy) are branded as racist and subversive towards democracy. In September 2000 the Rand dropped to an unprecedented low against the American Dollar. First anti-globalisation demonstrations taking place in some city centers in South Africa.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
2002		Persistent objections against the ANC-governments neo-liberal macro-economic policy. Further speculation on ANC/SACP/Cosatu split. Controversial arms deals criticised.	Ref. Liebenbergs list.
2004		Det tredje demokratiske valg forløber i god ro og orden.